Page 11 - 몽골 어류도감 편집본

Freshwater Organisms in Pixels Fish of the Amur River Introduction

Great Khentii Mountain Range, and flows Chono, Mukhar, Guun, Azarga, and Khana of species and many ecosystem types. This compared to many other Asian countries.
1,090 km within Mongolia. This river drains rivers. The Shud and Gal rivers both flow into vast area is famous for rare waterfowl, big The wetland resources of eastern
into Lake Hulun (Dalai Nuur in Mongolian) a large inland depression to create Yakhi Lake, cats, large ungulates, and endemic fishes. Mongolia have been subjected to only very
in China. The Kherlen River flows mostly in an endorheic basin. The water volume in Yakhi The biological richness is explained by the low levels of exploitation, and so remained
the steppe region where there are very few Lake increased in the early 1960s to 97 km2, great diversity of landscapes such as dry relatively undisturbed. This is due not only to
tributaries, and the river has runoff loss only in but in recent years the water level and volume steppe, grassland, mixed broadleaf-coniferous the low population density, especially around
its downstream reach. have both declined. The most prominent forest, taiga etc., and high level of landscape lakes in the semi-arid region, but also to the
Within Mongolian territory, another closed basin is formed by the Ulz River, which diversity in this basin are largely the result fact that traditionally fish and waterfowl have
large river is Onon, which originates on the drains into Torey Lake in Russia. The total basin of historic and spatial variability in conditions not been a source of food for the Mongolians.
northeastern slope of the Khentii Mountain area is about 35,000 km2 and total length is across the region. Altitudinal variation and This is probably because there is already an
Range with a total river basin area of 96,200 420 km. Annual mean discharge is 7.7 m3/sec horizontal zonation also help form numerous abundant supply of protein in the form of stock
km2, of which 30,000 km2 are located within at Ereentsav station in Mongolia, and in some biogeographic sub-regions. Situated on the such as sheep, cow or horses.
Mongolia. The total length of the Onon River is high flow years the river discharge may reach eastern rim of Eurasia and abutting the Pacific However, during the last three
808 km, and it flows 298 km through Mongolia up to 575 m3/sec. Ocean, the basin is subject to the combined decades the agricultural production and
in a northeastern direction before entering Lakes in the eastern Mongolian steppe effects of monsoon climate conditions, industrial development are simultaneously
Russia. and throughout the western part of the Amur oceanic currents, and mountains that direct air intensified, which influenced on the nature and
A small section of the Khalkh River river basin are characterized by dramatic circulation patterns. The geology and terrain, environment, including wetlands in eastern
(Khalkhyn gol or Halh) in the far east of the fluctuations in volume and area. Often they with numerous mountain chains separated by Mongolia. Most important and influential form
country, briefly flows from China through are dry depressions, sometimes with salt lush valleys, present a variety of microclimate, of land use is the raising of domestic livestock
Mongolia before re-entering China. This river marshes. The total area and volume of lakes soil, and vegetation conditions. These have (cattle, horses, sheep, goats and camels)
originates from the western slopes of the and wetlands in Mongolia also changes yielded a broad range of landscapes and based on wild pasture. Eutrophication caused
Great Khyangan Mountains in China and is according to climatic cycles. unusually high levels of species diversity for by the inflow of nutrients from domestic and
shared with Mongolia. The Nömrög (218 km) Buir Lake (Buyr Nuur or Bei’erhu) is the temperate latitudes. industrial wastes, and indeed from intensive
and Degee Rivers (56 km) are the largest largest lake in the Mongolia part of the Amur agriculture, would eliminate the fish and other
tributaries of the Khalkh River. Basin area of basin and the fifth largest lake in Mongolia. The Cultural characteristics of Mongolia aquatic animal communities replacing with
the Khalkh River is about 25,000 km2 and the lake is located in the transboundary area of Mongolia is a country with well- only few pollution resistant species.
Mongolian part of the basin covers 14,000 km2. Mongolia and China, and is fed by the Khalkh developed animal husbandry, mainly pastoral Also, the settled agriculture, especially
Total length of the river is 399 km, of which River. Water surface area of the lake is 615 livestock breeding. From ancient times, the cultivation of dwarf varieties of wheat is
264 km flow through Mongolia. The Sharilj km2, and maximum depth is 10.4 m. The lake livestock were mainly used for food, goods, recently gaining importance in eastern
River separates from the Khalkh River just basin area is 25,000 km2 and mean volume of consuming materials, traveling etc., hence Mongolia. Industrial development and related
before entering Buir Lake (about 32 km from the lake is 3.8 km3. In low flow years, mean there are many legends, true histories about activities such as coal-mining, useful mineral
river delta), and drains into Dalai Lake via the depth is about 5.7 m with a volume of 3.5 km3. the relation of man and livestock, especially extraction, building of different types of roads
Orshun (Orxon) River. Annual mean discharge In high flow years the mean depth increases that with horses. However, there is almost and power plants are confined mainly to the
of the Khalkh River at Sumber station is just to nearly 7 m with a corresponding increase no antediluvian information about the relation regions with fragile ecosystems and great
over 18 m3/sec. Average annual discharge of of volume to 4.3 km3. In China, the Orshun among man and fishes or other aquatic conservation values, such as river or lake
Orshun River into Dalai Lake is 0.69 km3 (21.9 River originates from the lake delta and drains organisms in this country. As part of this basins, forests, wetlands etc.
m3/sec). into Dalai Lake, and thus the northeastern part culture, conservation and the appropriate use The hunting pressure on fish and
All these larger rivers typically flow of lake water is fresher. Lake mineralization of natural resources are strongly encouraged. waterfowl was insignificant in the previous
through Mongolian steppe grasslands in their varies from 180 mg/l in a high flow year to In relation to the size of the land area, time due to ancient tradition of the protection
lower reaches and mountainous taiga forests 375 mg/l in a low flow year. Buir Lake is very the human population in Mongolia is very low, of animals and other natural resources.
at their sources, which include the Khentii rich in plankton, benthic invertebrates, and and as more than one third of the population However, since three decades following the
Mountains (Onon and Kherlen rivers), and the other aquatic biota, and is one of the most lives in the capital city, the population density free-market economic change in Mongolia, the
Great Khyangan Mountains (Khalkh River) (Kaus biologically rich lakes in Mongolia, where 29 over most of the country is considerably influence of traditional approach is declined,
et al. 2023). species of fishes inhabit (Simonov & Dahmer less than one person per square kilometer. and wildlife was increasingly hunted, and the
The Mongolia basin has a number 2008). Therefore, until the recent few years there pressure becoming extremely high. The recent
of small, short rivers, many of which are The Amur River basin is rich in was very little disturbance in terms of human development of the fishery resources may
frequently dry. These include the Shud, Gal, biological diversity and supports thousands population pressure on natural ecosystems reduce the important fish species, such as

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